Background: Diets that restrict energy or macronutrient intake (e.g. fasting/ketogenic diets (KDs)) may selectively\nprotect non-tumour cells during cancer treatment. Previous reviews have focused on a subset of dietary restrictions\n(DR) or have not performed systematic searches. We conducted a systematic scoping review of DR at the time of\ncancer treatment.\nMethods: MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, AMED and Web of Science databases were searched for studies of adults\nundergoing DR alongside treatment for cancer. Search results were screened against inclusion/exclusion criteria.\nData from included studies were extracted by two independent reviewers. Results were summarised narratively.\nResults: Twenty-three independent studies (34 articles), with small sample sizes, met the inclusion criteria. Four\ncategories were identified: KDs (10 studies), fasting (4 studies), protein restriction (5 studies) and combined\ninterventions (4 studies). Diets were tolerated well, however adherence was variable, particularly for KDs. Biomarker\nanalysis in KDs and fasting resulted in the expected increase in ketones or reduction in insulin-like growth factors,\nrespectively, however they did not reduce glucose.\nConclusions: Future research with adequately powered studies is required to test the effects of each DR\nintervention on treatment toxicities and outcomes. Further research into improving adherence to DR may improve\nthe feasibility of larger trials.
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